Navajo Resistance Essay Research Paper The Navajo free essay sample

Navajo Resistance Essay, Research Paper The Navajo s Struggle for Survival There are numerous approaches to indicate the word restriction. One way that the Standard College Dictionary characterizes it as: To attempt against ; the demonstration of resistance ; act counter to for the goal of stopping, hindering, show signs of improvement ofing, and so forth. That s how the word reference characterizes it. By and by, my meaning of restriction is the demonstration of being against individual s requests, guidelines, or requests. The ground why we oppose a portion of these requests, guidelines, or requests is on the grounds that our conviction, moral thought processes, and confidence come into show. The way that we were raised dramatizations an enormous capacity in our capacity of doing our ain judgments. In the event that we were raised one way, and individual endeavors to pressure us to go individual else, or to display us into something different, we would non experience right. Because of the way that we became joined to numerous musings, convictions and confi dence. The solitary regular thing to make is to decay to surrender to the idea of adjustment. It s an essential and a characteristic natural fitness. That s correctly what the Navajos completed. The Navajos dismissed the idea of being power to go edified, much in the wake of being placed into the Bosque Redondo Camp. The solitary thing to make currently was to last and by all offices won't acknowledge the idea of going enlightened. There were a few exercises that the Navajos executed while they stayed at the cantonments which appeared there resistance against the contemplations of General Carleton of constraining them to go cultivated. One of the exercises that the Navajos opposed against was the idea of guiding their children to class and gain taught. To the Navajos it appeared to be a decent idea, yet they had different things in head. For example, harassing how are they venturing out to earn the accompanying repast to take care of their family units? They were populating in the most exceedingly awful conditions possible. No supplement, safe house, or abundance extra of clothes. They were extremely revered to the conditions they were placed in. For those grounds a large number of them got sick lastly past off. In any case, they saw the upsides of the guidance plan. A large portion of them exploited the odds given. Considering perseverance, they took such arrangement in Carpentry, leatherworking, and blacksmithing ( Osburn, The Navajos at The Bosque Redondo: Cooperation, Resistance, and Initiative, 159 ) . These plans are extremely utile simply when the assets are accessible. While perceiving that the assets were non accessible, they changed their priorities. Training was the truly keep going thing on their rundown. Their essential priority was to happen a way to obtain supplement and endure. As the Osburn areas, Yet the Indians asserted they were non restricted to guidance ; they were just progressively hostage with the prompt worry of everyday perseverance and believed the advantages of guidance to be fringe to all the more squeezing issues, for example, acquiring bounty supplement to fight off famishment. Their push to make sure about cash and abundance proportion vouchers for guiding their children to class shows the Indians canny perseverance conspire ( 159 ) . The Navajos utilized straightforward and evident plans just to stay alive. It s extremely much like if your abandoned in an island, off from civilisation. Your first innate fitness is non to stress over your cosmetics or your clothes. The main thing you need to stress roughly is the means by which are you venturing out to last. W hich at long last leads you to remain in classs as: supplement, cover, clothes, and so on. It s simple to state, however it is hard to make. The Navajos needed to experience numerous deterrents. At the point when they understood that they were non gaining satisfactory vouchers for supplement, and pounding them wasn T bounty, they needed to make extraordinary strides. Huge numbers of the Navajo grown-up females needed to make things that were against their confidence and their moral intentions. The truly final retreat must be taken, which at last carried disgrace to the Navajo society and family units. A large number of the grown-up female idea that the solitary way to accomplish abundance supplement was harlotry. Osburn regions, Another strategy for getting abundance supplement was harlotry, which was non a standard example under less frightening conditions. Navajo grown-up females were all around viewed as humble and decent when the Bosque Redondo mature ages While the Navajo perceived the degradation of harlotry at Fort Sumner, they other than showed that the grown-up females were constrained to set aside their ethical remedy in light of poverty and yearning ( 159 ) . Anyone would set aside their moral intentions simply to stay alive. Regardless of whether it intends to murder individual just to earn supplement. It s like Darwin s hypothesis: Survival of the Fittest. The feeble individuals kick the bucket and the solid endure. It takes gallantry to make something exceptional like this. That is the reason I regard them to such an extent. It causes individuals to accept of just the things we are fit for achieving on the off chance that we only set our moral intentions aside for a spell, and consider continuance when placed in an aquared situation and are compelled to make most extreme strides. Another movement that the Navajos opposed was the idea of military enclosure dwelling. Pressuring them to get down another life as edified individuals and populating in an enlightened network, the Navajos dismissed the idea of life somewhere else that wasn t their mother country. As the article regions, Carleton had initially intended to house the Navajo in perfectly requested dormitory like the kind of housing found in Pueblo modest communities. The Navajos, by and by, discovered this system unsuitable in light of the fact that their conventional housing was broadly scattered. Besides, they dismissed the idea impression of enduring spots due to their convictions about left minds ( 160 ) . Bunches of individuals wouldn t head get bringing down off new and life in a house that was given to them. The ground being on the grounds that the individual in question have had terrible encounters in their past spot and life. They are prepared for a change. In any case, it wasn Ts like that for the Navajos. Th ey were at that point customed to the encompassing where they were populating before the white individuals removed them from their homeland. It s like they expressed, The use of our people is neer to arrive in a house where an individual has kicked the bucket, however relinquish it. Expecting that the past owners of the houses were likely murdered, they dismissed Carlton s program. Not only on the grounds that they trusted it was horrible luck to come face to face else s house, however adjacent to on the grounds that they were being placed in a situation that they have neer been presented to. People groups get themselves extremely admired in the event that they have no control of the milieus wherein they are being placed into. Particularly like a parrakeet in a coop. For mature ages, a parrakeet relies upon its owner to give him supplement. Consider the possibility that the coop s entryway was left detached and the parrakeet flights or was left to be free. How might it populate in th e normal state, without holding the important achievements to last? Realizing that there is a harsh universe simply outside that coop, the parrakeet accepts their open doors. A large portion of them wind up happening a way to last ; yet, a considerable lot of them simply bones of appetite since they couldn t accumulate supplement. It s accurately the way that the Navajos felt. The Navajos have just been customed to the milieus of their mother country and were non arranged when they were being placed into cantonments or the houses that were accommodated them. They had no power over the assets that were given, in the event that they were any. They collected numerous harvests, however no fortune. It wasn t bounty for everybody. Particularly like the parrakeets, they starved and passed on. On the off chance that they populated through famishment, a large number of them were presented to infection, which at last slaughtered them little by little. Realizing that the Navajos were sick, the y neer exploited the facilities or clinical claim to fame that was accommodated them. The last movement that the Navajos trash to acknowledge was the idea of securing clinical joining in. The refusal of Anglo clinical mediation. For comparative grounds the Navajos rejected clinical intercession and the station hospitals. The Indians clarified that they evaded the hospital since all that have announced there have kicked the bucket ( 160 ) . At the point when the Navajos saw that numerous Indians were expiring, the understood that the white individuals needed to make something with it. Potentially they accepted that they were being butchered and executed. Not just that, however the Navajos didn T need to be uncovered the white clinical claim to fame. They had their ain methods of bring arounding their sickness. Especially like individuals today. A considerable lot of them do non put stock in present day clinical claim to fame and have their ain way of bring arounding themselves. For the Navajos, the solitary way to bring around themselves and to sublimate their natural structure with no cutting edge clinical claim to fame was to execute a customary move called Squaw Dance. They had their ain situations on how they accepted they got sick. Fitting to this stately some illnesss are the result of the shades of outsiders, either those whom a Navajo warrior has executed or the individuals who passed on from different causes and with whom the Navajo may hold had contact, sexual or something else. Contacting the corpse or stepping on the grave of an outsider may other than do remote shades to torment a Navajo with ailment ( 160 ) . Behind each development, there are numerous grounds why they perform or do various things to get themselves better on the other hand of using present day clinical claim to fame. For delineation, In the Navajos universe position, unwellness is a representation of discordance in the inestimable request that the open introduction of an otherworldly stately can redress. During the stately, the Navajo conjure their Holy Peoples to a mend the irritation or request. On the off chance that the custom is correct completed, the divinities are committed to permit the people petitions, for a standard of correspondence gov

Dear Sir

Dear Sir Dear Sir Dear Sir By Maeve Maddox Daniel as of late asked me, Is it right to address somebody by Sir even in casual settings, for example, Instant Messaging or on a blog remark? The word sir fills a helpful need in English, even in those societies that appreciate majority rule beliefs to the outrageous. Sir has been utilized as an aware type of address in English since around 1350. Its utilization as a welcome toward the start of letters can be followed to 1425. Initially utilized as a title for a knight, baronet, or (until the Seventeenth Century, a minister), the word sir, similar to sire, originates from a Latin word identified with the word senior and had the importance more established or senior. Sir is as yet used to introduce a knights given name: Now that Rudy Giuliani has been knighted, he can be called Sir Rudy. The structure sire, with the feeling of your highness, is utilized to address a lord. As a thing in progressively broad use, sire has the significance father or male parent. The word can likewise be utilized as an action word: John Brown sired a few children. The most regular general utilization of sir is with regards to letter composing, a type of articulation that is famously preservationist in its language. For instance, the British complimentary shutting yours steadfastly sounded extremely degraded to my American ear the first occasion when I heard it, at the same time, living in England, I before long got acclimated with it for what it is, an amenable show that nobody takes actually. Outside its traditional use as a composed welcome, sir is a helpful word to have in a circumstance in which one wishes to pleasantly grab the eye of an outsider: Sir, youve dropped your charge card. Reason me, Sir, would you be able to guide me to the town community? The female comparable in such a circumstance would be Miss or Maam. Indeed, even in a democracyperhaps particularly in a democracythe more established types of civility are never strange. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Expressions class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:50 Slang Terms for Money45 Synonyms for â€Å"Old† and â€Å"Old-Fashioned†One L or Two?

Admitted International Students F-1 Visas

Admitted International Students F-1 Visas Now that you have some information about the I-20 Process, you are probably wondering, “What comes next?” As you may already know, international students need to obtain an F-1 visa to enroll in an academic institution in the United States. So, I will go over some important Frequently Asked Questions regarding the F-1 visa. What is an F-1 visa?  An F-1 visa is a document issued to degree-seeking international students who will be studying at an academic institution in the United States. When do I begin the F-1 visa process?  The process begins after you receive your I-20 from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and pay your SEVIS fee. You will also need to contact the U.S. embassy or Consulate in your home country to book an F-1 visa interview. How to prepare for the F-1 visa interview? Visa interviews can be a bit stressful! It is always a good idea to be well prepared to alleviate any stress. Here are some helpful tips from our International Students and Services Office (ISSS) to help you get ready for your upcoming visa interview. Where will the visa interview be conducted? The visa interview is held at a U.S. Embassy or Consulate in your home country. You can refer this list of U.S. embassies and consulates. When will I receive my F-1 visa? This can vary depending on many factors. Generally speaking, you can expect to receive your visa within five to ten business days. Please check the U.S. Department of State Visa Appointment Processing Wait Times. When can I enter the U.S. after receiving my F-1 visa? You can enter the U.S. no sooner that 30 days before the program start date that is listed on your I-20. What if my visa gets denied? Can I reapply? Usually, you can reapply. However, be prepared to provide new information or evidence before you begin the re-application process. If you were denied a visa, please contact our office as soon as possible to let us know that you will not be attending the University of Illinois at this email: admissions@illinois.edu We look forward to seeing you here on campus! Suha Assistant Director, Undergraduate Admissions I have a master’s degree in American and Middle Eastern Studies. I’m lucky to be working with our international students as they navigate their way through the admissions process and during their exciting journey to the Illinois campus!

Virginia During the Civil War

The Confederate States of America (CSA) was founded in February 1861. The actual Civil War began on April 12, 1861. Just five days later,  Virginia became the eighth state to secede from the Union.   The decision to secede was anything but unanimous and resulted in the formation of West Virginia on November 26, 1861. This new border state did not secede from the Union.  West Virginia is the sole state that was formed by seceding from a Confederate state. Article IV, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution provides that a new state cannot be formed within a state without that state’s consent. However, with Virginias secession this was not enforced. Virginia had the largest population in the South and its  storied history played an enormous role in the founding of the U.S. It was the  birthplace and home of Presidents George Washington and Thomas Jefferson.  In May 1861, Richmond, Virginia became the capital city of the CSA because it had the natural resources that Confederate government so badly needed to effectively wage a war against the Union.  Although the city of Richmond is situated only a mere 100 miles from the U.S. capital in Washington, D.C., it  was a large industrial city. Richmond was also the home to Tredegar Iron Works, one of the largest foundries in U.S. prior to the onset of the Civil War.  During the war, Tredegar produced over 1000 canons for the Confederacy as well as armor plating for warships.  In addition to this, Richmond’s industry produced a number of different war materials such as ammunition, guns and swords as well as supplied uniforms, tents and leather goods to the Confederat e Army. Battles in Virginia The majority of the battles in the Civil War’s Eastern Theater took place in Virginia, mainly due to the need to protect Richmond from being captured by Union forces. These battles include the Battle of Bull Run, which is also known as the First Manassas. This  was the first major battle of the Civil War fought on July 21, 1861 and also a major Confederate victory. On August 28, 1862, the Second Battle of Bull Run began. It lasted for three days with over a combined 100,000 soldiers on the battlefield.   This battle also ended with a Confederate victory. Hampton Roads, Virginia was also the site of the first naval battle between ironclad warships. The USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia fought to a draw in March 1862.  Other major land battles that occurred in Virginia include Shenandoah Valley, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville. On April 3, 1865, the Confederate forces and government evacuated their capital at Richmond and troops were ordered to burn all of the industrial warehouses and businesses that would be of any value to Union forces. Tredegar Irons Works was one of a few businesses that survived the burning of Richmond, because its  owner had it protected through the use of armed guards.  The advancing Union Army began to quickly extinguish the fires, saving most of the residential areas from destruction. The business district didn’t fare as well with some estimating at least twenty-five percent of the businesses suffering a total loss.  Unlike General Sherman’s destruction of the South during his March to the Sea,  it was the Confederates themselves who destroyed the city of Richmond. On April 9, 1865, the Battle of Appomattox Court House proved to be the last significant battle of the Civil Was as well as the final battle for General Robert E. Lee. He would officially surrender there to Union General Ulysses S. Grant on  April 12, 1865.   The war in Virginia was finally over.

The Effects Of Religious Stereotyping And Prejudice On Teens

The Effects of Religious Stereotyping and Prejudice on Teens All Muslims are terrorists, Jews are greedy bankers, and America is a Christian country. These are just a few of the many stereotypes that cause negative perceptions toward minority religious groups. Every day, religious groups across America experience some form of discrimination because of these stereotypes about their beliefs. Hate crimes and discrimination are on the rise; there have been 31% more hate crimes in 2017 than at this time last year. Teenagers in our society are victims of false religious stereotypes, but so are those who accept and perpetrate these stereotypes. Historically in the United States, stereotyping and prejudice has been a widespread tradition. There†¦show more content†¦Across our country today, discrimination is evident in hate crimes and protests, even more so after the 2016 Presidential election. The events of Charlottesville, VA. represent one of the many examples of religious hatred and divisions. When white supremacists shouted â€Å"the Jewish oligarchs and the capitalists and the bankers want to enslave the entire world† they were referring to old, ugly stereotypes (Times). These white supremacists are still cling to the view that Jews are collectively greedy and evil. The hatred doesn’t end with Judaism. There have been â€Å"35 attacks on mosques — including vandalism, break-ins and death threats† that have occurred in just the first few months of Trump’s presidency (Goldberg). People are verbally and physically attacking Muslims based on misunderstanding their religious belie fs. The most prominent issue today is demonstrated by President Trump’s travel ban. The ban attempts to block access to America from Muslim-dominated countries despite the fact that â€Å"no citizen from the barred countries has carried out a fatal terrorist attack in the USA† (Board). Many Americans wish to deny Muslims access to America based on the stereotype that all Muslims are radical terrorists. When people today have negative perceptions of religious groups other than their own, these perceptions create a divided America. Religious stereotyping and prejudice aren’t just limited to adults; teens are joining in as well. For instance,Show MoreRelatedEffects Of Stereotyping In Schools1122 Words   |  5 Pages Stereotyping in High Schools Stereotyping is alive and well in today’s society. â€Å"Stereotyping is a form of prejudice that forms damaging images of an individual, by classifying him or her according to a particular characteristic that is found among the group of people that the individual is associated with†(Malika). Everyone gets stereotyped no matter their gender, color, religion, political view, or how you act. Stereotyping is labeling someone because of who they are or what they do. StereotypingRead MoreNcfe Equality Diversity Level 2 Unit 1 Essay2346 Words   |  10 Pagesrange of opportunities and experiences. †¢ Enhances the local community Diverse qualities that are combined can create a new culture or society leading to a much more unified community, for example it can help to change previously held prejudice or discriminatory views. †¢ Enhances this country. A much richer society is born of diversity and with it comes a much more varied range of experiences and backgrounds that enhance the country as a whole 5. Describe what it means toRead MoreWhy Are Stereotypes Dangerous and What Can Be Done to Reduce Them?3092 Words   |  13 Pagesstereotypes can be very dangerous, and can lead to prejudice, discrimination, persecution and even genocide.[3] This is the point when, apparently â€Å"hurtles† remarks and conclusions about other people, based on their appearance, way of speaking, job or nationality, become very serious. 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We can think simplistically at first by defining differences maybe in age, gender and physical appearance; but of course there is so much more. 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What Are the Most Important Agents of Socialization and How Are They Being Accounted for in Children Lives Free Essays

Parents are important agents of socialization but they are not the only source of socialization when it comes to kids. In my paper I will be discussing the important factors of socialization and what we perceive to be a turning point in our children lives. Believe it or not but parents, family, educational institutions, and media are socializing agents who carry out the process of socialization. We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Most Important Agents of Socialization and How Are They Being Accounted for in Children Lives or any similar topic only for you Order Now The family is the most influential socializing agent. Infants are born into certain types of families and grow up with them as children and adults. Socialization is the process of imbibing the norms, value and social patterns of a particular society. It is also closely linked to the concept of individual and personal development. The family is perhaps the most important source of socialization, given its central role in the early developmental period (Holm, 2005). It plays this central role because it introduces children to intimate relationships and gives them their first experience of being treated as distinct individuals. In essence, the family is the child’s first reference group, the first group whose norms and values the child adopts as his or her own and uses to evaluate his or her behavior. The family also introduces children to group life. Several factors in family life affect socialization. For example, fathers and mothers have different parental styles. Fathers tend toward physical play and unfamiliar games, while mothers tend toward vocal interaction and familiar games. The numbers of siblings and the birth order also have substantial effects. Interactions with siblings enable children to learn about cooperation and conflict as well as negotiation and bargaining. Finally, the family introduces the child into society, helping him or her to find an identity in the larger social world. Socialization is seen as an essential process in the lives of the young child and adult in that it is an essential process of learning and adaptation necessary for social and psychological well-being and survival. The family and socialization are terms that are often linked in terms of their sociological nature and function, the family is in most societies the area or the social structure where the child is socialized and where he or she learns the norms and mores of that particular social environment and culture (Starrels, 2000). Notwithstanding the recent sociological concern about the demise of the family structure in developed countries like United States, the family is still generally seen as the centre of the socialization process. Ultimately, the values or characteristics of a family impact the children. For example, the children of families who are not overly rigid and restrictive are usually content and well-adjusted; however, children who grow up in environments that are too restrictive often become defiant and lack confidence. There are two basic aspects of socialization. First, socialization creates individuals who are part of a human community. It enables people to live within their groups and to be effective members of the society into which they are born. Second, socialization is the process by which a society reproduces itself in a new generation. It helps transmit the values and traditions of the past to the next generation (Tannenbaum 1967). The highest values and discourage deviation from social values do not just come from the family but through other sources such as institutions and peers. (Arnett 1995). Sociologists have long recognized that peers play a critical role in children’s initiation to society. Peer groups provide experience with egalitarian relationships. The absence of a power imbalance enables peers to teach other skills and to provide resources in ways in which parents frequently cannot. Children select peers; they do not select their parents. This selection opportunity enables children and young adults to test some of their preferences for certain types of friends. Peers also teach each other about subjects that adults consider sensitive or taboo and develop their own distinctive norms and values. During adolescence the influence of peers increases, while the influence of parents decreases. Adolescents often experience conflict with the power and expectations of their parents and other adults. However, adolescents generally remain responsive to their parent’s desires regarding goals and values. Peer values generally reinforce parental values. Cross-cultural research has highlighted differences in peer group socialization in different societies (Wilson, 1995). Children are exposed increasingly to a variety of mass media. The media play a substantial role in contemporary socialization and have become increasingly important over the last several decades. Children in the United States today spend more time watching television than in school. Parents as well as others have become increasingly concerned with the role of television and other mass media, but a review of the research on the impact of television on children yields mixed results. Fathers, especially, are still likely to stress the importance of a career or occupational success for their sons than for their daughters. As a result, parents are more likely to provide opportunities for their sons than for their daughters( Benokraitis,2008) Generally my research shows that watching programs which emphasize positive values often stimulates positive behaviors, where as viewing violence and other negative types of programs encourages aggression and other types of negative behaviors. At a minimum, it is clear that television can have a major effect in that children interact with television in much the same way as they interact with other elements in their social environment. Education has become an increasingly important source of socialization in the last century as society became less rural and more urban. School serves as a transition point between the home and the adult world. Schools teach certain official values such as intellectual skills, but they also include a hidden curriculum that teaches useful skills such as how to live in a bureaucratic setting (Mcleod, 1967). Adult socialization is also transparent. Some life transitions simply build on existing norms, values, and roles; others require resocialization or the internalization of an alternative set of norms and values. For example, army recruits and mental patients must be resocialized to their new roles. Desocialization requires stripping oneself of the self-image and values acquired previously and replacing them with a new outlook and self-image. Total institutions, such as prisons, are organizations that deliberately close themselves off from the outside world and lead a very insular life that is formally organized and tightly controlled. Newcomers to total institutions undergo mortification: they are stripped of clothes and personal possessions and are given standard clothing. They perform meaningless tasks, endure abuse and are deprived of privacy; these procedures are designed to destroy newcomer’s feelings of self-worth and to prepare them for deference to their superiors (Summers, 1972). Occupational socialization involves learning the norms, values, and beliefs appropriate for a new occupation or organization. Considerable variation occurs in the type and extent of occupational socialization. In conclusion I would like add that â€Å"Agents of Socialization† defines socialization as the process of passing down cultural beliefs and practices to society; many groups in society are involved in this process, but after researching I found out that the family is the most important socializing agent. The restrictiveness of the family environment can impact socialization of children, affecting how well-adjusted children and teenagers are. Social class can affect the ways that families socialize their children. Lower class parents tend to be more controlling and rigid, whereas middle class parents tend to encourage more independence. In the past three decades, the ways that families socialize their children have changed. Specifically, society’s views of children and teenagers have changed from one in which children and teenagers are naive and immature to one in which they are viewed as more competent and worldly. Also, adults have become less controlling over time. 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Preparation of Primary Standard and Acid Base Titration Essay Example

Preparation of Primary Standard and Acid Base Titration Essay The purpose of this experiment is to determine the concentration of odium hydroxide solution by titration against the primary standard, ethanedioic acid-2-water.IntroductionTitration is a method of analysis that to determine the precise endpoint of a reaction. In a titration, solution was run from a burette into a definite volume of another solution in a conical flask. 1 or 2 drops od suitable indicator (phenolphthalein) is added to indicate the end point. The end point is the stage at which two solutions have just reacted completely. The accuracy of titration results depends very much on the correct detection of the end point.Chemicals:Ethanedioic acid-2-water crystalsDilute sodium hydroxide solutionPhenolphthaleinDeionized waterApparatus:Beakers (100 cm3 ) x 4Conical flasks (250 cm3 )Pipette (25.0 cm3 )Pipette fillerBurette (50.0 cm3 )Stand and clampVolumetric flask (250.0cm3 )Wash bottleWhite tileGlass rodWeighing bottleElectronic balanceStopperChemical Reaction involved:Procedure s:1. Clean all the glassware involved in this experiment (e.g. burette, pipette, conical flasks, weighing bottle, volumetric flask, etc.) with deionized water as directed by the teacher.2. Weigh by difference to collect the required mass (2 to 2.5g) of ethanedioic acid-2-water crystals.3. Pour the weighed crystals into a dry clean 100 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ beaker and add deinoized water to dissolve the crystals.4. Wash the weighing bottle with deionized water and pour the rinse into the beaker also to ensure no loss of acid crystals.5. Pour the content of the beaker in a clean 250 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ volumetric flask and add up to the mark with deionized water.6. Stopper and shake the flask thoroughly.7. Wash a pipette first with distilled water and then with a small amount of sodium hydroxide solution given8. Transfer 25.0 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of sodium hydroxide in a clean conical flask using the pipette and pipette filler.9. Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the conical flask. Phenolphth alein gives a red color in the alkali solution.10. Wash a burette with distilled water and then with a small amount of the ethanedioic acid solution.11. Close the stopcock. Transfer 50.0 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of standard ethanedioic acid solution in a clean burette.12. Clamp the burette vertically in a stand.13. Open the stopcock for a few seconds so as to fill the tip of the burette with sodium carbonate.14. Record the initial burette reading.15. Start the titration by opening the stopcock of the burette. During the process, gently swirls the conical flask continuously to mix the two solutions. At the time when the color changes from red to colorless, close the stopcock immediately.16. Record the final burette reading.17. Calculate the volume of ethanedioic acid required to neutralize 25.0 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of sodium hydroxide.18. Empty the conical flask and wash it with water.19. Repeat the steps 3 or4 times until the results from each trial are agreed.20. After the experiment, rinse all th e glassware used with tap water and put them back to their original positions.Results:Titration ResultsTitration1st (Trial)2nd3rd4thInitial reading (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)0.0017.000.0015.50Finial reading (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)15.832.2015.5031.00Volume of titrant (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)15.815.2015.5015.50Average volume of ethanedioic acid reacted:(15.20+15.50+15.50)/3 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½= 15.40 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½That mean15.40 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of ethanedioic acid is used to titrate 25.0 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of sodium hydroxide.Discussion:1. Mass of ethanedioic acid crystals used:= 2.50 gNo. of moles of ethanedioic acid:= 2.50/ (12.02+1.02+16.04)= 0.02778 moleMolarity of ethanedioic acid= 0.02778/0.250= 0.11112MNo. of mole needed:= 0.11112 x (15.40/1000) = 1.711 x 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Equation:Mole ratio of C2H2O4 to NaOH is 1:2.No. of moles of NaOH needed:= 1.711 x 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ x 2= 3.422 x 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½No. of mole = molarity x volume3.422 x 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = molarity x (2.5 / 100)molarity = 0.137MConcentration of the sodium hydroxide is 0.14 mol/dmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2. 3 requirements of a primary standard solution:i) The solid dissolved in water should be pure.ii) The molarity of the solution should be known.iii) The solid must be dissolved completely.3i) There is no effect if the burette is not rinsed with ethanedioic acid solution since we know the no. of mole of the ethanedioic acid and the volume of sodium hydroxide.3ii) If the tip of the burette is not filled before titration begins, more acid is needed to titrate sodium hydroxide. By the mole ratio, since the no. of mole of sodium hydroxide is larger, and thus the molarity of calculated will be larger.3iii) If the conical flask contains some distilled water before the addition of sodium hydroxide, the molarity calculated will be larger since the volume of sodium hydroxide increase.4. It is advisable not to use sodium hydroxide solution to fill the burette in this experiment because alkaline wi ll corrode glass and burette is expensive, therefore sodium hydroxide is usually placed in the conical flask.Improvements:1. Graduation mark of pipette and volumetric flask should be accurately reached.2. Just add enough indicator solutions, not too much.3. Ensure stopcock has been closed before filling.4. Remember to fill up the tip of burette.5. Fix the filled burette perfectly vertical.6. Stopcock should be controlled by thumb, first and second fingers of left hand7. Swing the flask gently and continuously.8. Slow down the adding of solution when end-point is close.9. There should be no hanging drop of solution on the tip.10. The spectula should be put back the original place, to prevent the ethanedioic acid-2-water be contaminated.Conclusion:The concentration of sodium hydroxide calculated is 0.137M (correct to 3 sig. fig.)